Which 7 Millennium Problems Have Partial Results Or Progress?

2025-08-24 21:32:30 309

4 Answers

Charlotte
Charlotte
2025-08-28 13:27:54
I get excited thinking about this—it's like a mystery box where mathematicians have opened a few drawers but the big prize is still locked. Broadly, the seven Millennium Problems are: P vs NP, the Riemann Hypothesis, the Poincaré Conjecture, the Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness problem, the Yang–Mills existence and mass gap question, the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, and the Hodge conjecture. Each of these has seen genuine progress, even if most remain open.

Poincaré is the outlier: it's actually solved (Perelman's proof via Ricci flow completed the picture). For Riemann we've proven a lot of supporting results—infinitely many zeros on the critical line (Hardy), large percentages of zeros proven to lie on it (Levinson, Conrey), extensive numerical verification, and powerful connections to random matrix theory. Birch–Swinnerton–Dyer has rigorous results for many elliptic curves over Q: thanks to Gross–Zagier, Kolyvagin and later work combined with modularity, cases of rank 0 and 1 are understood. Navier–Stokes has weak solutions (Leray), full regularity in 2D, and conditional or partial regularity results like Caffarelli–Kohn–Nirenberg.

On the algebraic side, Hodge is known in several special instances—the Lefschetz (1,1)-theorem handles divisor classes, and people have proved it for many special varieties and low dimensions. Yang–Mills has rigorous constructions and exact solutions in 2D and extensive physics evidence (asymptotic freedom, lattice simulations) for a mass gap in 4D, but a full mathematical construction with a gap remains open. P vs NP has a river of partial work: NP-completeness theory, circuit lower bounds in restricted models, PCP theorems, barriers like relativization and natural proofs, and some strong conditional separations. Each problem is a mix of deep theorems, numerical/experimental evidence, and stubborn roadblocks—math's long, thrilling grind.
Holden
Holden
2025-08-28 18:56:28
Honestly, when someone asks which of the seven Millennium Problems have seen progress, I instantly list them all and say: nearly every one has meaningful partial results, but only Poincaré is fully done. Riemann has deep theorems (Hardy, Levinson, Conrey) and huge numerical evidence; BSD is proved in many rank-0 and rank-1 cases thanks to Gross–Zagier and Kolyvagin combined with modularity; Navier–Stokes has weak solutions, 2D global regularity, and partial regularity results; Hodge is true for (1,1)-classes and several special situations; Yang–Mills is rigorous in 2D and supported by strong physics and lattice evidence for 4D; P vs NP has mountains of structural work (PCP, circuit lower bounds, barriers) but no final verdict. It's a mix of technical theorems, computational checks, and hopeful clues—math at its slow, beautiful pace.
Wyatt
Wyatt
2025-08-29 00:54:04
I've spent afternoons reading papers and forums about these, and here's the practical snapshot: all seven Millennium Problems have seen partial progress, but only one is fully settled. Poincaré was resolved by Perelman, so it's no longer open. For the Riemann Hypothesis we have many significant results: no zeros on Re(s)=1 (so the prime number theorem stands), infinitely many zeros on the critical line (Hardy), and improvements showing a positive proportion of zeros lie on the line (Levinson, Conrey), plus huge numeric verifications and connections to random matrix theory.

Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer: analytic rank 0 and 1 cases are largely proved for modular elliptic curves by Gross–Zagier and Kolyvagin, and Kato and others extended techniques via Iwasawa theory. Navier–Stokes: existence of weak solutions and local smooth solutions are standard; 2D global regularity is known, and in 3D we have partial regularity theorems, blow-up criteria, and conditional global results under smallness assumptions. Yang–Mills: mathematically rigorous constructions exist in two dimensions, and physics gives strong evidence for a mass gap in four dimensions, but a fully rigorous 4D construction is missing. Hodge: the (1,1)-case is settled by Lefschetz, and several low-dimensional or special cases are known, but the general conjecture remains open. P vs NP: tons of structural insights (NP-completeness, PCP, circuit lower bounds in restricted models), but no proof either way. So progress is substantial but uneven across problems.
Zayn
Zayn
2025-08-29 20:24:35
I'm a bit of a nerd who loves tracing the names you see in history-of-math timelines—Hardy, Perelman, Wiles, Gross, Zagier—and how each contributed to partial victories on these big questions. If you want a quick tour with names attached: Poincaré—Perelman solved it using Ricci flow and surgery; widely accepted. Riemann Hypothesis—Hardy proved infinitely many zeros on the critical line; Levinson and Conrey showed positive proportions of zeros on the line; massive computational checks support it up to huge heights; random matrix theory gives heuristic backing.

For Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer, the gross picture changed after Gross–Zagier and Kolyvagin gave proofs for many rank-0 and rank-1 cases, and modularity of elliptic curves (Wiles et al.) extended their reach. Navier–Stokes has Leray weak solutions, 2D global regularity, Prodi–Serrin and Beale–Kato–Majda blow-up criteria, and partial regularity via Caffarelli–Kohn–Nirenberg. Yang–Mills: exact, rigorous theory exists in 2D (Driver and others), and constructive field theory has tamed lower-dimensional models, but 4D Yang–Mills with a provable mass gap is still out of reach—physics gives asymptotic freedom and lattice evidence. Hodge: the Lefschetz (1,1)-theorem covers divisors, and many special varieties and low-dimensional instances have been settled, while higher-dimensional general cases remain challenging. P vs NP is the trickiest to summarise: we have deep structural results—Cook–Levin, PCP theorem, circuit lower bounds in restricted models, algorithmic breakthroughs and barriers like natural proofs—but no definitive separation. Each problem has rich partial theories and several high points that show real movement, even if the mountain tops are mostly hidden.
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