How Many Federalist Papers Did Madison Write?

I get pumped anytime someone asks about citing special collections, because it's one of those tiny academic skills that makes your paper look polished. If you're using manuscripts from the Lilly Library at Indiana University, the core bits I always include are: creator (if known), title or a short descriptive title in brackets if untitled, date, collection name, box and folder numbers (or manuscript number), repository name as 'Lilly Library, Indiana University', and the location (Bloomington, IN). If you used a digital surrogate, add the stable URL or finding aid and the date you accessed it. For illustration, here's a Chicago-style notes example I personally use when I want to be precise: John Doe, 'Letter to Jane Roe', 12 March 1923, Box 4, Folder 2, John Doe Papers, Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. And a bibliography entry: John Doe Papers. Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. If something is untitled I put a brief description in brackets like: [Draft of short story], 1947. Don't forget to check the manuscript's collection guide or 'finding aid' for the exact collection title and any manuscript or MSS numbers—the staff there often supply a preferred citation, which I always follow. Finally, I usually email the reference librarian a quick question if I'm unsure; they tend to be very helpful and will even tell you the preferred repository wording. Works great when you're racing the deadline and trying not to panic.

Oh wow — tracking down original papers by N.I. Vavilov is like going on a treasure hunt through the history of plant science, and I love that kind of dig. If you want the originals, I usually start with big public digital archives: Internet Archive and HathiTrust often have scanned copies of early 20th-century works, and the Biodiversity Heritage Library is a goldmine for botanical materials. Many of Vavilov’s classics, such as 'The Law of Homologous Series in Hereditary Variation' and his papers on centers of origin, were published long enough ago that scanned versions or translations sometimes sit in the public domain. I’ve pulled up PDFs from those sites when I was cross-checking citations for a fan article about crop diversity. For Russian originals and harder-to-find journal papers, it's worth searching in Cyrillic — try 'Н. И. Вавилов' or 'Вавилов Н.И.' on eLIBRARY.RU and CyberLeninka; both host a lot of Russian scholarly material (though access rules vary). The Institute named after Vavilov — the All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) — often has archives and bibliographies; emailing them can actually produce PDFs or pointers to where archived material lives. University library catalogs (WorldCat) and national libraries also turn up physical holdings; I once used interlibrary loan to fetch an old Russian journal issue that wasn’t online. If you need English translations or modern reprints, JSTOR and Google Scholar can surface later translations or discussions that republish important excerpts. And don’t forget to check book collections that compile his essays — you can get contextual commentary which helps when older translations use outdated terminology. Honestly, the hunt is half the fun: try different spellings, mix English and Cyrillic searches, and save whatever PDFs you find — they’re treasures for anyone fascinated by the roots of plant genetics and crop history.

Okay, short and practical take: yes, you can cite a PDF version of 'Medea' by Euripides in an academic paper, but there are a few things I always check before I drop that link into my bibliography. First, figure out what exactly that PDF is — is it a public-domain translation, a modern translator’s copyrighted work scanned and uploaded, a scholarly edition from a university press, or a scanned image of an old Loeb Classic? The rules for citation are the same in spirit, but the details matter: you want to credit the translator and editor, give the publication details, and include a stable URL or DOI if the PDF is online. When I’m writing, I usually treat classical texts with two layers: the ancient original (Euripides, c. 431 BCE) and the modern vehicle I'm reading (the translator/editor/publisher and year). So in your in-text citation you might cite line numbers like (Euripides, 'Medea' 250–55) or, if your style guide requires, include the translator and year: (Euripides trans. [Translator], 1998, lines 250–55). For the bibliography, follow your style guide (MLA, APA, Chicago). If the PDF is hosted on a reputable site (Project Gutenberg, Perseus Digital Library, a university repository, or a publisher’s site), include the URL and an access date if your style asks for it. If it’s a random PDF on a blog with no bibliographic info, I usually try to find a more authoritative edition first — you can cite it, but it weakens the perceived reliability. Also, be mindful of copyright and fair use: quoting short passages for commentary is generally fine, but reproducing large chunks of a modern translator’s text might need permission. If you’re quoting lines, give line numbers rather than page numbers where possible — scholars love line citations for Greek drama. And if your professor or journal has specific rules, follow them; otherwise, prefer stable, citable editions (Loeb, Oxford, or a university press translation) or clearly document the PDF’s bibliographic info. When in doubt, I track down the translator and publisher info and cite that, then add the URL/DOI of the PDF and an access date — tidy, clear, and defensible in peer review.

I've dug into dusty special-collections catalogs for far less glamorous names than Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson, so I can tell you how I’d go about finding his papers and where to look first. Start with the big aggregated discovery tools: ArchiveGrid and WorldCat are my go-to. Type in "Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson" (and variations like "M. W. Nicholson" or "Wheeler-Nicholson") and see which institutions pop up. The Library of Congress Manuscript Division and major university rare-book libraries often turn up for early-20th-century publishers and creators, so if you find a call number or a finding aid there, that’s a golden ticket. I also search the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum catalog (Ohio State) and the New York Public Library’s Manuscripts & Archives — both collect comic-industry materials. If the online trail is thin, email the special collections reference desk at whatever library seems closest to a hit. I always include a short note about what I’m researching, a few dates, and ask whether the item is digitized or requires an in-person visit. Finally, don’t forget corporate archives: DC’s early paperwork sometimes ended up with publishers or corporate successors, so contacting DC Comics’ archivists (or Warner Bros. Archives) can help. Happy hunting — these papers can be scattered, but once you find the right finding aid, the rest falls into place.

Trying onyx specialty papers on my inkjet was honestly eye-opening — they behave pretty differently from plain office stock. The biggest thing I noticed right away is how the coating (or lack of it) changes everything: coated onyx sheets with a microporous or resin layer grab pigment inks quickly, giving sharp dots and surprisingly deep blacks, while uncoated dark onyx papers soak and spread dye inks, which kills detail. If you're chasing crisp lines or photographic detail, go for a coated onyx paper and use pigment-based inks when possible. Practical tip from my trials: always print test patches and let them dry fully before judging color. You’ll probably need to use a white underbase or printers that support white ink for anything lighter than neon — otherwise colors on dark onyx stock will look muted or invisible. Also tweak printer settings to a heavier paper profile and increase the platen gap if the sheet is thick; feeding problems and smudging are real if you don’t. I now do a small 2x2 test grid for every new onyx paper I pick up, and it saves me wasted sheets and headaches.

Okay, here’s the thing—I hunt for specialty paper like it’s treasure, and onyx papers are one of my favorite finds. If you want wholesale locally, start by visiting your nearest paper merchant or distributor: these are the places that carry large rolls and sheet packs for printers and designers. Search for 'paper merchant', 'paper distributor', or 'print supplies' on Google Maps and call to ask if they stock onyx or black specialty stocks and what their minimums are. Don’t skip commercial print shops and invitation studios. They often buy in bulk and either sell leftovers or point you to their supplier; sometimes they’ll let you pick up remnants or order a roll and let you split the cost. Also check local packaging suppliers, sign shops, and bookbinders—those folks work with specialty sheets all the time and can steer you toward brands like Neenah, Mohawk, or local mills that make deep black/onyx finishes. Finally, hunt down mills, paper brokers, and overrun outlets near you. Mills sometimes have seconds or end-of-roll sales with huge discounts and local pickup. Bring swatches, ask about GSM, coatings, and color matching, and be ready to negotiate on MOQ. If you’re patient and friendly, you’ll usually score better deals and a sample stack to play with—happy hunting, and tell me what you make with it!

I get a little giddy talking about paper science, so here's the long take: Onyx specialty papers can be compatible with laser printers, but it entirely depends on the specific Onyx product. Laser printers fuse toner to the substrate by melting powder onto the surface, so two big things matter — the paper weight and the surface/coating. Heavier stock (higher GSM) and textured or very glossy coatings can cause feeding problems, poor toner adhesion, or even smudging if the coating isn’t designed for toner. In practice I always check three things before loading a new Onyx sheet: the product spec sheet for a 'laser-compatible' note, the paper weight (most desktop lasers like up to 220–300 gsm through manual feed; larger office machines handle more), and whether it’s a synthetic or plastic-type substrate. If the paper is polyester or polypropylene, verify recommended fuser temperature, because plastics can warp, melt, or gunk up the fuser. When in doubt, run a single-sheet test through the manual feed at reduced coverage, let it cool flat, and check feed/jam behavior and adhesion. Also beware of stack offsetting — freshly printed glossy sheets can stick together. I’ve had great luck with matte and silk Onyx stocks on modern laser printers, but once I tried a high-gloss, untested specialty sheet and ended up calling support for a fuser cleaning. So read the datasheet, test a few, and if you’re doing a big run contact both the paper maker and your printer’s support to avoid a costly hiccup — it saved me from a ruined batch of invitations once.

I've handled a surprising number of specialty papers over the years and the short version is: sometimes yes, sometimes no. Onyx-colored or 'onyx' specialty papers can be made to archival, acid-free standards, but the label alone doesn’t guarantee long-term permanence. What matters is the paper's chemistry and the manufacturer's specs: look for terms like 'acid-free,' 'lignin-free,' 'pH neutral' or a reference to the permanence standard ISO 9706 (or ANSI/NISO Z39.48). If the product sheet mentions an alkaline reserve (calcium carbonate buffering) that's a very good sign for long-term storage. Conversely, many craft or colored papers are dyed and sized in ways that can introduce acids or optically active agents that accelerate degradation. So when I hunt for truly archival onyx paper I request the technical data sheet or certificate of permanence, check for third-party testing, and, if possible, sample it under the inks or media I’ll use. Otherwise I treat it as a beautiful craft paper rather than museum-grade material.