Why Is 'Existentialism Is A Humanism' Controversial?

Reading Sartre's 'Existentialism is a Humanism' was like having a philosophical lightning bolt strike me. His definition of freedom isn’t about doing whatever you want—it’s about the terrifying, exhilarating responsibility of creating your own meaning. Sartre argues we’re condemned to be free because we’re thrown into existence without a predefined purpose. Every choice we make isn’t just about us; it’s a statement about what humanity *should* be. If I choose to lie, I’m implicitly saying lying is acceptable for everyone. That weight is what makes freedom so intense. What stuck with me is how he ties freedom to authenticity. Pretending we’re not free—blaming society, genes, or horoscopes—is acting in 'bad faith.' True freedom means owning our choices, even when it’s agonizing. Sartre uses the example of a young man torn between joining the Resistance or caring for his mother. There’s no cosmic answer; his freedom lies in choosing and living with the consequences. This isn’t abstract—it’s why the book still guts me. Freedom isn’t a comfort; it’s a relentless demand to invent ourselves, moment by moment.

Reading 'Existentialism is a Humanism' by Sartre, it's clear that the text doesn't outright reject religion but challenges its role in defining human essence. Sartre argues that existentialism places responsibility squarely on individuals to create their own meaning, which inherently conflicts with religious doctrines that often prescribe purpose from a divine source. The book emphasizes human freedom and choice, suggesting that relying on religion to dictate morality or purpose is a form of 'bad faith'—a denial of one's own agency. However, Sartre doesn't dismiss believers outright. He acknowledges that religious existentialists, like Kierkegaard, grapple with similar themes of anguish and commitment. The key difference is Sartre's insistence on a godless universe where humans must forge their own path. This perspective can feel like a rejection of religion to those who see faith as essential to meaning, but it's more accurate to say Sartre sidelines religion rather than attacks it. The text invites readers to confront the terrifying freedom of existence without divine guarantees, which can be interpreted as a secular alternative rather than an outright denial of spiritual paths.

Reading Sartre's 'Existentialism is a Humanism' feels like having a philosophical adrenaline shot. The core argument is that existence precedes essence—we aren’t born with predetermined purposes but create meaning through our choices. This freedom is terrifying because it comes with absolute responsibility; there’s no divine plan or moral compass outside ourselves. Sartre slams excuses like "I was just following orders"—his famous "bad faith" concept—arguing we’re always free to choose, even in oppression. He also tackles criticisms head-on, like existentialism being too gloomy. Nope, he says it’s actually optimistic: if we’re condemned to be free, we can always reinvent ourselves. The text brilliantly connects individualism with collective responsibility—our choices shape not just us, but humanity’s image. It’s raw, urgent philosophy for anyone questioning life’s weight. What sticks with me is how Sartre turns existential dread into empowerment. Unlike religious or ideological doctrines handing you a prepackaged purpose, his philosophy forces you to confront life’s chaos head-on. The lecture-style delivery makes complex ideas accessible—no jargon, just straight talk about anguish (the dizziness of freedom), abandonment (no God to guide us), and despair (we can only control our actions). His rebuttal to Marxists and Christians is savage: both systems dodge accountability by outsourcing morality. The kicker? Even not choosing is a choice. By framing humans as works-in-progress, Sartre makes existentialism a call to action rather than navel-gazing.

I've read 'Existentialism is a Humanism' multiple times, and it's surprisingly short for how impactful it is. The entire text is roughly 70 pages in most standard editions, making it a quick but dense read. Sartre packs his ideas about human freedom and responsibility into this lecture-turned-essay without unnecessary fluff. The beauty lies in its conciseness—every paragraph carries weight. I’d compare it to a philosophical shot of espresso: small, intense, and leaves you buzzing with thoughts. If you’re new to existentialism, this is perfect because it’s approachable in length while still delivering profound insights. The actual lecture was about an hour long, and the written version captures that same direct, conversational energy.

I’ve read 'Existentialism is a Humanism' multiple times, and while it’s one of Sartre’s more accessible works, it’s not exactly light reading. The text is a lecture-turned-essay, so the tone is conversational compared to his denser philosophical writings, but it still demands attention. Sartre dives into heavy concepts like existential freedom, anguish, and responsibility without much hand-holding. If you’re new to philosophy, some passages might feel like mental gymnastics—especially when he ties individualism to moral accountability. The clarity comes in bursts, like his famous "existence precedes essence" line, but you’ll need to wrestle with sections where he debates objections from critics or unpacks abstract ideas like "bad faith." What makes it manageable is its length. At under 100 pages, it’s a sprint, not a marathon. You can reread tricky paragraphs without feeling overwhelmed. I’d recommend pairing it with secondary sources or YouTube breakdowns if you hit a wall. The payoff is worth it—Sartre’s vision of human agency is electrifying once it clicks. Just don’t expect a beach read; this is the kind of book that lingers in your head for weeks, challenging how you see everyday choices.

Greg Egan's 'Diaspora' dives deep into post-humanism by showing how humanity evolves beyond biological limits. The novel introduces 'uploads'—digital copies of human minds that can live in virtual environments or control robotic bodies. These beings don’t age or die like humans; they can modify their own code to change personalities or abilities. It’s a radical shift from flesh to data, where identity becomes fluid and death is optional. The book also explores 'polises,' massive virtual cities where post-humans thrive without physical constraints. Here, they form new societies with rules beyond human comprehension, like creating shared consciousness or splitting into multiple versions of themselves. Egan even imagines 'orphans,' AI-born beings with no human origin, questioning what it means to be human at all. The story pushes boundaries, making you rethink life, purpose, and evolution in a universe where biology is just an outdated phase.

Kierkegaard's 'Either/Or: A Fragment of Life' dives deep into existentialism by presenting two contrasting life views—the aesthetic and the ethical—without outright favoring either. The aesthetic life is all about immediacy, pleasure, and fleeting beauty, like a melody that fades once played. The ethical life, though, embraces commitment, responsibility, and enduring meaning, like a symphony with recurring themes. The book doesn’t preach but lays bare the tension between these paths, forcing readers to confront their own choices. Kierkegaard’s pseudonymous authorship adds layers, making you question who’s really speaking—or if it matters. The work’s brilliance lies in its refusal to simplify existence; it mirrors life’s messy, unresolved dilemmas. By framing existentialism as a lived struggle rather than abstract theory, it feels raw and personal, like a diary left open for interpretation.

Nietzsche’s philosophy is like a grenade tossed into the cozy living room of existentialism—exploding the idea that life has inherent meaning. I’ve spent years wrestling with his texts, and what strikes me is how he doesn’t just *contribute* to existentialism; he *redefines* it. For Nietzsche, the 'death of God' isn’t a tragedy but an invitation. Without divine purpose, humans aren’t lost—we’re free to create our own values. His concept of the Übermensch isn’t some superhero fantasy; it’s a call to embrace chaos and sculpt meaning from it. Unlike Sartre’s angst or Camus’s absurdism, Nietzsche’s existentialism is raw, almost euphoric in its defiance. What’s wild is how his ideas about power and will shape later existential thought. When he says 'become who you are,' it’s not self-help fluff—it’s a demand to confront your deepest drives. Existentialists after him, like Heidegger, borrowed this focus on authenticity, but Nietzsche’s version is messier, more theatrical. His rejection of herd morality echoes in existentialism’s obsession with individualism. Yet, he’s also a critic of nihilism, which existentialism often flirts with. His 'eternal recurrence' thought experiment—asking if you’d relive your life endlessly—is existentialism’s ultimate litmus test: Do you love your existence enough to will its repetition?