I think they totally can, but the lesson needs to be baked into the character's journey, not just tacked on like a moral-of-the-story sticker. So many 'cringe' plots just mine embarrassment for laughs and then have the protagonist give a speech about self-acceptance in the last chapter, which feels hollow. The real value comes from showing the gradual, often painful, process of how the character internalizes the experience.
Take a book like 'Fangirl' by Rainbow Rowell—Cath's entire arc involves these incredibly relatable, squirmy moments of social anxiety and fandom obsession. The lesson isn't some grand epiphany; it's her slowly learning that her passions aren't something to hide and that connecting with people, even awkwardly, is worth the risk. The cringe is the vehicle for growth because it forces her out of her comfort zone. Without those painfully real moments, her development would feel unearned.
On the flip side, if a story uses cringe purely as a spectacle—like a parade of humiliations for a character we're supposed to pity—it rarely teaches anything beyond 'life is embarrassing.' The lesson gets lost. The best ones make you wince alongside the character, then feel that genuine relief and strength when they decide the opinion of that cool crowd or that one embarrassing text message doesn't define them. It’s that emotional through-line that turns a cringe-fest into something with real resonance.