The big one for me is the tangible, living infrastructure. Ecopunk cities aren't just built with sustainable materials; they're literally grown. You'll see architecture woven from genetically engineered trees or mycelium networks, buildings that respire and change with the seasons. It shifts the conflict from just fighting the bad corporation to negotiating with a semi-sentient, often temperamental environment.
That leads to the second trait: a messy, negotiated relationship with nature. It's not about returning to a pristine past or a sterile, tech-dominated future. It's about a tense, ongoing symbiosis. Think air purification handled by massive, volatile algal blooms in the city center, or transit systems that are giant, domesticated burrowing creatures. The 'punk' element often comes from characters hacking these biological systems in ways they weren't intended for, which feels so much more visceral than hacking a computer.
Finally, the aesthetic is crucial—it’s grimy and lush at the same time. Tech is often visibly organic, covered in lichen or patched with bioplastics. You get that contrast of sleek, decaying pre-collapse concrete choked with vibrant, aggressive new growth. The vibe is less 'clean lab' and more 'overgrown workshop where the tools are alive.'