When clones show up in anime, they act like a philosophical magnifying glass and suddenly ordinary questions about identity blow up into everything from legal rights to the ethics of memory editing. I get such a kick out of how different series lean on different traits to decide what makes someone human: memory, emotion, bodily continuity, social recognition, and mortality. Take the Sisters arc in 'A Certain Scientific Railgun'—those clones are created as tools, but the series spends time on how shared memories, even artificially implanted ones, can create bonds and individuality. Watching Misaka clones display subtle differences in reactions or form attachments makes me think about how tiny variations compound into a personality.
'Plastic Memories' hits a different chord: it uses limited lifespan and the ache of impending loss to argue that mortality is central to humanness. The giftias are almost indistinguishable from people emotionally and socially, but their engineered expiration forces characters (and viewers) to confront what we value in relationships. Conversely, 'Neon Genesis Evangelion' plays with the idea that being a copy or vessel doesn't strip away subjectivity—Rei's clones and origin layers push the show to ask whether personhood is the content of your memories, the pattern of your relationships, or something else entirely. 'Ghost in the Shell' broadens that: even when bodies are prosthetic, the 'ghost'—the sense of self—becomes the locus of humanity. Anime often uses cybernetic and cloned bodies to separate substrate from subjective experience, which is a really elegant narrative trick.
I also appreciate how series stage moral tests: clones are denied rights, used as experiment fodder, or treated as property, and those narrative injustices make empathy the proving ground for humanity. 'Ergo Proxy' and shows with artificial beings often dramatize awakening moments—jealousy, grief, the desire to protect—that are emotionally persuasive. So, across the board, anime argues that being human is less about origin and more about capacities and relations: the ability to feel, to make choices, to suffer and create meaning, and to be recognized by others. Personally, I find those portrayals satisfying because they invite viewers to root for the clones, not pity them, and they make me think twice about how we define personhood in our own world.