I've seen a lot of discussion around this, and I keep coming back to a specific line that always makes me pause. It's when Pain tells Naruto that true peace can only come from understanding shared pain. The core idea seems to be that violence just breeds more violence, and that cycles of revenge will continue forever unless someone breaks the chain. But Pain's conclusion is that the only way to make people truly understand each other is to inflict a massive, collective trauma—his plan for a 'nuclear deterrent' using the Tailed Beasts.
Naruto's entire argument against that is built on his own experience with loneliness and hatred. He doesn't accept that mutual suffering is the only path to empathy. Jiraiya's teaching about finding a different way is what he clings to, even when faced with the logic of Pain's philosophy. The main message, I think, is that peace built on fear and pain is fragile and hollow. Lasting peace has to come from forgiveness and a stubborn, almost naive, belief in empathy, even when it feels impossible. It's less about an answer and more about the argument itself.
Honestly, I find Nagato's final turn almost too convenient, but the fact that Naruto's own pain is what makes his refusal of revenge so powerful is the real takeaway for me.