I've spent way too many late nights cross-referencing episodes and manga pages, so here's the clean gist: the original 'Bleach' TV run (episodes 1–366) adapts roughly up through the manga material that ends around chapter 423. That means the anime covers the early substitute/Shinigami stuff, the Soul Society rescue, the long Arrancar/Hueco Mundo sequences and the subsequent material up to the point before the manga's final big arc. Crucially, that run is peppered with a bunch of anime-original material (fillers) that interrupt the straight manga-to-anime adaptation.
If you want arc-level anchors: the Substitute Shinigami and early Soul Society scenes come from the opening volumes of the manga; the big Soul Society rescue arc follows right after; the Arrancar/Las Noches saga comprises the bulk of the middle volumes; then the anime resumes through the material that in the manga ends around chapter 423. After chapter 423 the manga continues into the Fullbring material and then the final 'Thousand-Year Blood War' arc (chapters ~480–686), which the original TV run didn’t fully adapt until the later revival that tackled the final arc years after the initial series.
A few practical tips from me: use a canon-vs-filler list if you want to follow the manga beats exactly — the Bount arc, the New Captain (Amagai) episodes, and the whole Zanpakutō portrayal are big filler chunks to skip if you just want manga content. Also remember some episodes are mixed (part manga, part original), so skipping blindly can miss small canon scenes. I still love rewatching certain fillers for the quirky character moments, though — they feel like comfort-reads but in anime form.