Of all sectoral subsystems, the
military subsystem of innovation is one of the largest.
In fact, a large part of the French high-tech industry (perhaps really all of it outside the medical sector and pharmaceuticals) has been shaped by the pervasive influence of defence markets and
military demand (Chesnais and Serfati, 1990, 1992). This influence did not necessarily have positive outcomes. It has, for example, been argued that the disastrous balance of the French electronics industry, despite the attention and financial support it has received, cannot be dissociated from the fact that the
military
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