I still get a little giddy thinking about that skinny kid in a wool coat stepping into Dr. Erskine’s lab — it’s such a perfect underdog moment. If you ask most people who follow the Marvel movies, the cleanest way to answer is by looking at the timeline the films use: Steve Rogers is shown as being born on July 4, 1918, and he undergoes the Super-Soldier procedure during World War II (the movie places that event in 1943). Do the math and you get roughly 25 years old when he officially becomes Captain America in the MCU. It fits the film storytelling: he’s old enough to be frustrated with being turned away from service, but still young enough to convincingly become the physically prime super-soldier the serum creates.
That said, a lot of the confusion comes from how the story has been told across comics and different retellings. In the original Golden Age comics and many comic retcons over the decades, Steve’s exact birth year shifts and creators often treat him as roughly a young man in his late teens or early twenties when he receives the serum. Comic Steve is typically depicted as very small and sickly before the transformation, often with the emotional weight of being denied the draft or service — that youthful vulnerability reads as someone around 18–21. So if you grew up on the comics or classic reprints, you might have mentally pinned him at 19 or 20 rather than 25.
One final angle I love to point out when this question comes up: becoming Captain America was as much about symbolism and duty as the literal injection. The serum gave Steve an optimal body for a soldier, but it didn’t really change his life stage — he was already the same earnest, moral guy in his twenties (by film canon) who volunteered to step up. The movies, especially 'Captain America: The First Avenger', lean into that, showing a young man with a huge moral backbone getting the physical means to act on it. If you’re trying to settle it in a debate, you can say: in the MCU, about 25; in various comic iterations, late teens to early twenties depending on the era. Either way, his heart feels ageless, and that’s the fun part — go rewatch the transformation scene and tell me you don’t get chills.